Neoplasia and Cancer Biology · USMLE Step 1

Which process describes the clonal evolution of neoplastic cells accumulating further mutations over time?

  1. Histologic tumor grading
  2. Distant metastasis
  3. Clonal expansion under genetic instability
  4. Tumor angiogenesis
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Correct answer: Clonal expansion under genetic instability

As neoplastic cells accumulate mutations (in oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes), genetic instability allows clonal evolution and selection of more aggressive subclones — a foundation of cancer progression.

Difficulty: Medium Question 7 of 20

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