Carcinogenesis · Pathology

Which of the following is considered a 'Direct-acting' chemical carcinogen?

  1. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (tobacco smoke)
  2. Aflatoxin B1
  3. Alkylating agents (e.g., Cyclophosphamide)
  4. Nitrosamines
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Correct answer: Alkylating agents (e.g., Cyclophosphamide)

Direct-acting carcinogens do not require metabolic conversion to become active; they are inherently reactive with DNA. In contrast, pro-carcinogens like polycyclic hydrocarbons require activation by cytochrome P-450 enzymes.

Difficulty: Medium Question 3 of 20

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