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Carcinogenesis · Pathology

Which of the following describes the role of 'Promoters' in chemical carcinogenesis?

  1. They are mutagenic agents that damage DNA
  2. They induce proliferation in initiated cells but are not themselves mutagenic
  3. They act as antioxidants to prevent tumor growth
  4. They are only effective if applied before the initiator
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Correct answer: They induce proliferation in initiated cells but are not themselves mutagenic

Promoters (like phorbol esters or certain hormones) do not cause DNA damage but stimulate the clonal expansion of initiated cells. Their effect is often reversible and requires repeated application after initiation to be effective.

Difficulty: Medium Question 7 of 20

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