Inflammation and repair · USMLE Step 1

Which cytokines released by macrophages help drive the proliferative phase of wound healing by recruiting fibroblasts and promoting angiogenesis?

  1. IL-10 and IL-4
  2. TGF-β, PDGF, FGF
  3. Insulin and glucagon
  4. Erythropoietin
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Correct answer: TGF-β, PDGF, FGF

Macrophages secrete growth factors like TGF-β, PDGF, and FGF which recruit fibroblasts and stimulate angiogenesis — essential for granulation tissue formation.

Difficulty: Medium Question 15 of 22

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