What is living? · NCERT Biology

Metabolic reactions can be demonstrated outside the body in cell-free systems. These isolated reactions are:

  1. Living things with full biological status
  2. Non-living things that mimic cellular chemistry
  3. Living reactions but not living things
  4. Catalytic phenomena that are neither living nor non-living
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Correct answer: Living reactions but not living things

Isolated metabolic reactions in cell-free (in vitro) systems involve the same biochemical processes as in vivo reactions, so they qualify as 'living reactions.' However, because they lack cellular organization — the structural hallmark of life — they are not considered living things themselves.

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