Infection control principles · USMLE Step 1

Which organisms are NOT reliably inactivated by alcohol-based hand sanitizers?

  1. Enveloped viruses
  2. Bacterial spores
  3. Gram-negative bacteria
  4. Gram-positive bacteria
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Correct answer: Bacterial spores

Spores, such as those from C. difficile, resist alcohol-based agents. Soap-and-water handwashing is necessary to remove them.

Difficulty: Medium Question 16 of 20

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