Which of the following describes a key advantage of utilizing nucleic acid vaccines (such as DNA or mRNA formulations) over traditional whole-pathogen cultures during a public health emergency?

1. They can be made rapidly from the genetic sequence alone, without growing live organisms.
2. They never require cold storage or thermal stabilization.
3. They give lifetime immunity from a single microgram dose without helper T cells.
4. They instantly eliminate the host's need for memory B cell differentiation.

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