Why is intramuscular epinephrine preferred over subcutaneous or intravenous administration in initial management of anaphylaxis in dental clinics without IV access?

1. Because an IM injection is generally less painful than a subcutaneous one
2. IM into the thigh absorbs faster than subcutaneous; IV needs trained staff
3. Because the subcutaneous dose required would be far too high for most adults
4. Because intravenous epinephrine is entirely ineffective against anaphylaxis

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