What is living? · NCERT Biology

Which of the following sets of characteristics is considered the defining properties of living organisms without exception?

  1. Growth and reproduction
  2. Metabolism and consciousness
  3. Cellular organization and reproduction
  4. Growth and consciousness
Show answer and explanation

Correct answer: Metabolism and consciousness

Metabolism and consciousness (response to stimuli) are defining properties because they occur in all living beings without exception. Growth and reproduction are not defining properties as some non-living things grow (accumulation of matter) and some living organisms like mules or worker bees do not reproduce.

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