The 'palimpsest' is a common metaphor for intertextuality. What does it literally refer to?

1. A type of ancient printing press used in early medieval scriptoria
2. A manuscript page scraped clean for reuse that still retains traces of the original writing
3. A secret cipher system used by diplomatic couriers in the 18th century
4. The traditional process of stitching and binding a book's pages in leather covers

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